Horizons In World Physics. Volume 304 eBook

In this compilation, the authors describe a volume source of negative hydrogen ions on the basis of Penning ionization gauge with a metal hydride cathode, which plays the role of a cathode and the solid-state generator of working gas. Next, a study is carried out in two cases of constant and variable charges of dust grains. Consideration of the dust charge variation requires the evaluation of charging currents. The possibilities of ultra, short-pulsed laser deposition for modified scratch-resistant surfaces in industrial and optical applications are demonstrated and reviewed. Additionally, results of investigations on new types of silicon p-n junction diodes are presented. As temperature sensors, these types of silicon don’t have the disadvantages inherent to usual commercial devices when they are employed at low temperatures and in the presence of magnetic fields. In the subsequent study, it is found that all bodies are characterized by a neutrino halo which is formed by an equilibrium interaction between the surrounding neutrinos and the neutrino field of the atomic nuclei from the object. The authors match an exterior solution of a spherically symmetric wormhole to the general interior vacuumsolution with specific values of the arbitrary function at the junction interface, thus determining the surface stresses on the thin shell. In closing, the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin and anti-Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin symmetries of gauge theories are recapitulated. This symmetry plays an important role in proving the unitarity and renormalizability of these theories.