Law

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Technologies For Personalised Healthcare - Enabling Patient-Centred Approaches In The Management And Prevention Of Lifestyle-Related Conditions

by Christofer Toumazou e Francesca Romana Cavallo

~~139,13€~~ 125,22€ 10% OFF

 This book explores how personalised healthcare can be realised with the integration of new and established technologies, and how novel methods can be developed to improve health outcomes in lifestyle-related conditions. It covers topics from statistics and machine learning, to biosensors and point-of-care devices.
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Medical Regulatory Affairs - An International Handbook For Medical Devices And Healthcare Products (Fourth Edition)

~~286,20€~~ 257,58€ 10% OFF

 This handbook covers medical device regulatory systems in different countries, ISO standards for medical devices, clinical trial and regulatory requirements, and documentation for application. It is the first to cover the medical device regulatory affairs in Asia.
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Noninvasive Physiological Measurement - Wireless Microwave Sensing

by James C. Lin

~~87,44€~~ 78,70€ 10% OFF

 This book explains the principles and techniques of microwave physiological sensing and introduces fundamental results of noninvasive sensing of physiological signatures, signs, and life detection. Techniques for contact and remote sensing of circulatory and respiratory movements and physiological volume changes are discussed.
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Nanotechnology Based Advanced Medical Textiles And Biotextiles For Healthcare

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Nanotechnology Based Advanced Medical Textiles And Biotextiles For Healthcare

~~83,46€~~ 75,11€ 10% OFF

 This book provides a systematic coverage of research into medical and biotextiles based on nanomaterials as applicable in healthcare. Divided into three sections, it explains manufacturing, properties, types, and recent developments in nanotechnology based medical textiles backed by case studies.
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Eu Competence And Power

by Hannah Bogaert

~~107,33€~~ 96,60€ 10% OFF

 This innovative book identifies and explains the concepts that determine when the EU may act.'Competence' is about more than competence alone: there is also power. Competence is the field in which the EU may act; power is the EU institutions' actual authorisation to act in a field of EU competence. Through a rigorous examination of legal disputes that involve the EU treaties, legislation, case law and archival evidence, this book illustrates how competence and power differ and why recognising this distinction leads to a more nuanced and precise analysis of when the EU may act. This will be of interest to EU law scholars and practitioners, as well as international law specialists.
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History Of Knowledge And Production In Powered Prosthetic Arms

by David Foord

~~128,51€~~ 115,66€ 10% OFF

 This book presents a narrative history of the field of powered upper limbs, as well as providing an examination of how scientific research, innovation and design influenced the emergence of powered upper limbs from 1945 to present. The author focuses on the R&D and innovation practices that led to novel commercial products during the period.
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First Things First - A Modern Coursebook On Free Speech Fundamentals

by David L. Jr. Hudson, Ronald K. L. Collins e Will Creeley

2,93€ + 10% CARD

 First Things First is a college coursebook like no other. Written by three First Amendment experts and professors, the book provides students with the fundamentals of modern American free speech law in a clear, concise, and accessible manner. First Things First also introduces readers to First Amendment issues related to topics such as student speech, freedom of the press, civil rights, LGBTQ rights, advertising, music censorship, and artificial intelligence. The text includes helpful study-aid summaries and questions. First Things First's vibrant and engaging tone ensures readers will leave this book with a dynamic understanding of their rights and the value of free speech.
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Patient Safety Law, Ethics And Practice In The Nhs - Towards A Management Culture

~~63,59€~~ 57,23€ 10% OFF

 This comprehensive volume critically examines patient safety in the NHS, discussing both policy initiatives and practical issues with reference to management culture, the legal context and ethical concerns.
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Termination Of Stay Of Aliens - A Comparative Study Between Japan And Austria

by Arnold Ackerer

45,73€ + 10% CARD

 Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2006 in the subject Law - Public Law / Administrative Law, grade: Ausgezeichnet, Hiroshima University (Department for Public Law), course: Ph.D. Studium, language: English, abstract: In this thesis a comprehensive discussion of the current immigration and deportation systems of both Japan and Austria provides the basis for qualitative and quantitative comparisons. The first section explains the basic methodology, the idea of comparative public law and respective international regimes that influence the alien law in either or both countries. In the second part the immigration system of both Austria and Japan are explained in considerable detail (introducing only high-profile case law, though) including new legislation introduced in most recent years. The system of residence titles in both countries is discussed with reference to particular group of immigrants such as family members of already residing foreign nationals, work related immigration, short-term and long-term visitors. An overview of the respective organization of the immigration control administration is provided before the last chapter of part two compares the immigration laws of both countries. The quantitative comparison employs, extends and adjusts the Quantitative Index for the Integration of Immigrants by H. Waldrauch (associated also with the work of Prof. U. Davey). Part three is extensively discusses the system of "termination of stay" in both countries. This also includes the newly introduced (2004) revocation of residence titles (zairyu shikaku no torikeshi) and the departure order (shukkoku meirei) on the Japanese side and the new system of residence bans (Aufenthaltsverbote) etc. on the Austrian side (2005). This part also features (1) detailed case law on both systems (for Japan particularly in regard to the special residence permit), (2) a short explanation of detention facilities and detention related problems, (3) a discussion of problems inherent to each system and ends with a (4) qualitative and (5) quantitative analysis similar to the one provided for the immigration systems.
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German Public Procurement - Between Tradition And Europeanization

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German Public Procurement - Between Tradition And Europeanization

by Alexander Koch

18,25€ + 10% CARD

 Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject Law - Public Law / Administrative Law, grade: 9 out of 10 - excellent, Leiden University (Faculty of Law), course: Introduction to the Law of European Public Procurement, language: English, abstract: There is rarely one legal sphere which has changed so much because of European legislation in Germany during the last fifteen years than the German public Procurement. That is why I will provide an overview of the development of German public procurement. Firstly, the need to regulate the public procurement will be explained briefly (B.). Secondly, I will describe the original framework of German public procurement (C.). After having a view on the reforms which took place in Germany since 1993 (D.), I will move over to the future developments (E). Finally, I will give a summarizing conclusion about the development of the German public procurement (F.).
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Electronic Contracts In The Context Of Laws In Pakistan

by Sania Islam

~~1,31€~~ 1,18€ 10% OFF

 Master's Thesis from the year 2024 in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, , course: LLM, language: English, abstract: In an era defined by rapid technological advancement, the legal intricacies surrounding electronic contracts demand urgent and comprehensive exploration, particularly within the evolving landscape of Pakistan; dive into a critical analysis of the formation, execution, and enforceability of e-contracts under Pakistani law, revealing the opportunities and obstacles that lie at the intersection of traditional legal principles and the digital world. This study meticulously dissects the definition and classification of electronic contracts, offering a comparative analysis against traditional contract law to illuminate the nuances of offer, acceptance, consideration, and contractual capacity in the digital realm. Uncover the practical challenges hindering the seamless integration of e-contracts within Pakistan's e-commerce, banking, and telecommunications sectors, with a special focus on the ever-present threats to data privacy, security, and cybersecurity; explore the legislative landscape, examining how existing Pakistani contract law adapts - or fails to adapt - to the unique characteristics of electronic transactions, considering global best practices and potential future developments. This exploration provides invaluable insights into dispute resolution mechanisms, breach of contract consequences, and jurisdictional complexities inherent in e-contract law, offering a roadmap for businesses, legal professionals, and policymakers navigating the digital economy. Gain a deeper understanding of the legal obligations associated with e-signatures and digital transactions, and anticipate the prospective challenges and opportunities that lie ahead as Pakistan embraces the future of electronic commerce; navigate the complexities of electronic contracts, data protection, and the secure digital transformation impacting Pakistan's legal and commercial sectors, essential for anyone seeking clarity in this dynamic and increasingly vital field.
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Protection Of The Rights Of Pre-Trial Detainees In Cameroon. A Legal Perspective

by Sona Gerald

~~18,27€~~ 16,44€ 10% OFF

 Academic Paper from the year 2024 in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, University of Buea, language: English, abstract: This article delves into the longstanding issue of pre-trial detention, tracing its origins back to the colonial era in Cameroon, where individuals were held in custody pending trial outcomes. It examines the extent to which pre-trial detainees' rights are safeguarded in Cameroon, revealing significant violations within the current legal framework. Notably, the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) of Cameroon falls short in adequately protecting the right to bail, leaving its discretion to the courts. Employing qualitative research methodology, the study conducts a comprehensive doctrinal analysis of conventions, statutes, and cases. Findings indicate that while Cameroon's Constitution and CPC offer certain protections, these provisions are deemed insufficient, calling for reform. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Cameroon's legal system in upholding prisoners' rights. In clarifying the term "pre-trial," the article underscores its global prevalence across Europe and Africa, encompassing diverse demographics from first-time offenders to the mentally ill and career criminals. The history of pre-trial detention in Cameroon is rooted in colonial practices, where detainees were coerced into administrative labor. Post-World War I, there emerged heightened awareness of human dignity, catalyzing initiatives like the League of Nations' International Penal and Penitentiary Commission, which advocated for proper detainee treatment. Subsequently, the United Nations inherited this mission, emphasizing human dignity through international legal instruments, which are analyzed in the study. Three justifications for pre-trial detention are outlined: reasonable belief in the alleged perpetrator's guilt, flight risk, and potential obstruction of justice. Fundamental human rights, including liberty, are emphasized, with acknowledgment of widespread unlawful arrests, lack of legal counsel, and inhumane treatment in many countries. This article underscores the urgent need to reform Cameroon's legal framework, advocating for amendments to clarify ambiguous provisions, define undefined terms, and bolster lacking safeguards. By addressing these deficiencies, the study aims to enhance protections for pre-trial detainees and uphold fundamental rights within Cameroon's justice system.
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Balancing State Sovereignty With Refugees Rights Under International Law

by Martin Nimbom

~~15,99€~~ 14,39€ 10% OFF

 Essay from the year 2024 in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, , language: English, abstract: The global refugee crisis has presented a formidable challenge to the traditional understanding of state sovereignty and the control of national borders. While sovereignty affords States the right to control their borders and protect their nationals, States also have a humanitarian obligation to respect the human rights and dignity of refugees, who are often people fleeing from persecution, violence and abject poverty. This research explores the complex interplay between state sovereignty and humanitarian obligations in the context of refugee protection, by exploring the legal, ethical, and political dimensions of the issue. It argues that sovereignty should not be seen as an absolute or fixed concept, but rather as a dynamic and relational one, that is shaped by the changing realities and norms of the international community. By balancing sovereignty with the humanitarian obligation to protect refugees, this research also proposes a balanced approach that respects the rights of sovereign states while addressing the urgent needs of refugees. The research concludes that the legal framework which governs refugees, continues to be characterized on the one hand, by, the principles of state sovereignty and related territorial supremacy, self-defense, and self-preservation; and on the other hand by competing humanitarian principles, derived from general international law (including the purposes and principles of the United Nations) and treaty law.
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Laws Governing Lgbtq+ Rights In The United States Of America And Canada. An Analysis With Comparison

by Deepayan Acharya

~~15,99€~~ 14,39€ 10% OFF

 Essay in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, , language: English, abstract: This article provides an overview of the rights of the LGBTQ+ community in the United States and Canada, exploring historical backgrounds, legislative frameworks, and case laws. It examines key issues such as marriage, adoption, military service, and equality laws, considering regional variations within both countries. Constitutional approaches to LGBTQ+ rights are analyzed, along with recommendations for future improvement. By highlighting concepts of equality and human rights, this paper aims to contribute to global discussions on LGBTQ+ rights and discrimination prevention.
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Laws Governing Preemptive Health Screening Of Employees In India And Usa. A Legal Perspective Study

by Sumanth Garakarajula

1,31€ + 10% CARD

 Master's Thesis from the year 2023 in the subject Law - Public Law / Miscellaneous, grade: A, , course: Post Graduate College of Law, language: English, abstract: The purpose of this study on preemptive health screening legislation in India is to examine and analyze the current laws and regulations governing preemptive health screening in India, and to evaluate their effectiveness in protecting the health and well-being of employees. The study will also examine the challenges faced by employers in implementing preemptive health screening programs in India, and will explore potential future developments in Indian laws and regulations regarding preemptive health screening. The study will begin with an overview of the definition, meaning and means of preemptive health screening of employees and current legal framework for preemptive health screening in India, including an examination of relevant laws and regulations such as the Factories Act of 1948 and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code of 2020. The study will also analyze the employer obligations and employee rights and protections established by these laws. The study will then examine the current practices of preemptive health screening in India, and will evaluate the effectiveness of existing laws and regulations in protecting the health and privacy of employees. It will also explore the challenges faced by employers in implementing preemptive health screening programs in India, including issues related to cost, logistics, and employee resistance. The study will also consider the potential future developments in Indian laws and regulations regarding preemptive health screening. This will include an examination of international standards and best practices, as well as an analysis of potential gaps in current Indian laws and regulations. The study will also explore the potential impact of future developments on employers and employees. The study will also consider the impact of preemptive health screening on the overall health and well-being of employees in India. This will include an examination of the accessibility and affordability of preemptive health screening for employees, as well as an analysis of the potential impact of preemptive health screening on the overall healthcare system in the country. Finally, the study will consider the legal and ethical implications of preemptive health screening in India, including issues related to employee consent and privacy. The study will also examine the specific needs and concerns of vulnerable populations, such as women and lower-income workers, in relation to preemptive health screening.
ENGLISH

Assessing Gender Based Violence Under Rwandan Law. Case Of Assault And Battery

by Muhire Faustin

18,27€ + 10% CARD

 Essay from the year 2022 in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, , language: English, abstract: This paper discusses physical violence, or assault and battery as otherwise referred to, as one of the forms of gender-based violence (GBV) in Rwandan law. The main objective is to determine and analyze the causes and effects of this form of GBV. The paper looks into the existing legal framework and various policies put in place to address the issue and determine how investigations and prosecution of the offence are effectively conducted. The existing relevant case law reveals there is an issue of qualification of the offence and its punishment due to the causes of this criminal behavior, including drunkenness, drugs, bad character, accidental event, etc. It also appears controversial to distinguish spousal harassment that has a battery and assault dimension of the assault and battery offence provided in the law determining offences and their Penalties in General. The paper concludes with suggestions on how these challenges of qualification and punishment of the offence can be overcome.
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Impact Of Gender Stereotypes In Asylum Claims. A Substantive And Procedural Analysis

by Morgiane Noel

34,26€ + 10% CARD

 Master's Thesis in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, grade: A, Trinity College Dublin - The University of Dublin, language: English, abstract: This thesis aims to highlight the substantive and procedural gender-based obstacles faced by women asylum seekers in the context of refugee law. For Centuries, displacements of individuals have always been motivated by various reasons: social, cultural but also legal changes needed to be implemented to adapt to new displacements of people. For example, the 'migration crisis' of 2015 has challenged the EU Member States and European actors to adjust and implement new instruments. For years, the visibility of women in migrations has been becoming increasingly evident, deconstructing some of the established social and cultural paradigms based on the roots of our societies. Solutions implemented by the EU Member States do not have to undermine the values of the European Union and drive its integration, such as solidarity, hospitality, and responsibility. Therefore, inclusiveness and change have to be included in legal instruments for better reception of current and future displacements of people.
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Pollution Of Groundwater Under Cameroonian Law

by Enow Godwill Baiye

15,98€ + 10% CARD

 Scientific Essay from the year 2022 in the subject Law - Public Law / Miscellaneous, , course: Environmental law, language: English, abstract: The principal objective of this research is to examine the extent to which the relevant and existing legal instruments in Cameroon addresses the problem of groundwater pollution in Cameroon. The methodology used to attain this main objective and to address the problem is the critical analyses of the existing legal initiatives and institutional frame-works that punishes those who causes groundwater pollution. The work reveals that despite the existence of a plethora of legislations that exists in this area of the law, groundwater pollution has been a persistent problem in Cameroon caused by the lacunae of the existing enable legal instruments laws. As a result of this, the study puts forth a set of recommendations, amongst which include the amendment of Law No.98/005 of 14 April 1998 that lay down regulations governing groundwater resources in Cameroon. Environmental pollution is increasingly a problem in Cameroon, like in most African Countries, where the environmental consequences of development cannot be ignored. One of the major form of pollution is and water pollution. The sources of groundwater pollution in Cameroon stems from discharge of solid, liquid or gaseous matter, in particular industrial, agricultural and atomic wastes into water with the resultant effects of water-borne diseases like cholera, dysentery and in most cases, water scarcity.
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Alternative Disputes Resolution In Tanzania. Modes And Challenges

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Alternative Disputes Resolution In Tanzania. Modes And Challenges

by Datius Didace

18,27€ + 10% CARD

 Academic Paper from the year 2022 in the subject Law - Public Law / Miscellaneous, grade: 1, Mzumbe University (FACULTY OF LAW), language: English, abstract: This paper intends to discuss the challenges facing of alternative dispute resolutions in Tanzania. In doing so the work will explore the meaning of Alternative Dispute Resolution, brief history of Alternative Dispute Resolution, thereafter modes of alternative dispute resolution currently used in Tanzania, and lastly I'm going to discuss the challenges facing alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in Tanzania. It is unarguable fact that, disputes are one amongst the issues which are likely to appear where there are more than one individual occupying a certain geographical location. Basically, conflicts arise out of a misunderstanding between two or more individuals. Nevertheless, the existence of conflicts or disputes presupposes the existence of methods of settling them, the United Republic of Tanzania disciples the common law legal system which is believed to be the legacy of the British colonialists, Generally, the common law legal system is featured by adversarial mode of disputes settlement. The common way of settling dispute under this mode is by way of court litigation or adjudication. The end product of the system is in the form of winner takes all and loser loses all. However, this justifies the arguments raised by peoples that, the adversarial mode of dispute settlement spices enmity amongst the disputants rather than shipping them to the safe coast. Actually, this is one amongst the reasons for the adoption of the Alternative Disputes Resolutions (hereinafter referred to as ADR) as another form of settling disputes. ADR encourages disputants to settle their disputes out of the court. There are several modes under ADR including but limited to mediation, arbitration, negotiation and early neutral case evaluation. But frankly speaking, methods introduced under ADR were applicable during the pre-colonial era in Tanzania.
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Critical Analysis Of Domestic Waste Management Regulations In Rwanda

by Muhire Faustin

34,26€ + 10% CARD

 Bachelor Thesis from the year 2022 in the subject Law - Public Law / Miscellaneous, grade: 80, University of Rwanda (University of Rwanda), course: Law, language: English, abstract: This study was brought in by the searcher after he found that loads of domestic waste are seen in various villages, along the roads, forests, riversides, and many other open spaces in Rwanda. People in Rwanda still dispose of domestic waste in inappropriate places, which constitutes a crucial problem to human health in particular and to environment in general. The researcher wanted to legally explore why the said malpractices still exist, despite the good achievements and ambitions to deal with waste management in Rwanda. The research had five objectives: to examine whether the existing environmental laws are effective enough to protect environment and human health against negative effects of domestic waste in Rwanda (1), assess if the current Rwandan environmental laws establish standards that are efficient in domestic waste management (2), discuss the processes that are currently followed from collection to disposal and examine their effectiveness (3), examine the role played by different institutions involved in domestic waste management and its efficiency (4) and to finally suggest areas of improvement basing on lessons drawn from countries that have advanced legislation governing domestic waste management (5). To respond to the objectives of the study, the researcher used different legal research methods and the following was revealed. The existing Rwandan environmental legal framework does not regulate management of domestic wastes effectively, standards established by Rwandan environmental laws are limited in domestic waste management, and the processes used from collection to disposal of domestic waste management are inadequately regulated. It was also revealed that there is limited role/inefficiency of different institutions intervening in domestic waste management.
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Status Of Amhara National Regional State City Courts: Are They Administrative Courts Or What?

by Mitike Worku Kassa

18,29€ + 10% CARD

 Seminar paper from the year 2022 in the subject Law - Public Law / Administrative Law, grade: 1, University of Gondar, language: English, abstract: Administrative tribunals are neither court nor administrative bodies; rather they combine the advantages of both courts and administrative bodies in a way that best fits the specific needs of review of administrative action. Such courts were created as a separate hierarchy of courts to stop the ordinary courts from interfering with the executive. In Ethiopia, there are both embedded and extra-departmental administrative tribunals. On the other hand, City/ Municipal Courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. While governed by the Constitution and state law, City Courts are courts that are independent arms of the city government. City courts of the Amhara National Regional State not only follow legally prescribed procedures, as article 78 of the Constitution obliged but also can apply the revised regional courts' establishment proclamation. Thus the writer of this paper argues that city courts of the region are not administrative courts but courts of a city administration that function according to the constitution despite their structural and organizational limitations. The material jurisdictions of city courts are also the jurisdiction of ordinary courts in cities that did not have city courts. This is another reason that city courts are not administrative courts because administrative courts cannot assume the jurisdictional power of courts but only administrative organs. Furthermore, it can be said that from the reading of their establishing proclamation, city courts of the region are a substitution for ordinary courts on cases arising from city matters. The appointment process, administration grounds for removal, and the process for removal of city court judges are also similar to ordinary courts. Thus the writer concludes that city courts of the region are not administrative courts rather they are a substitution for ordinary courts and an expression of self-administration for metropolitan cities on issues arising in city matters.
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Victim Protection Act 2014 In Kenya. Challenges In Implementing

by Julius Kipkosgei

18,29€ + 10% CARD

 Seminar paper from the year 2020 in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, grade: 78, University of Nairobi (THE SCHOOL OF LAW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI), course: LLM, language: English, abstract: The study sought to investigate victim protection act 2014 in Kenya and establish whether the act 2014 served as guard and saviour of victims in Kenya. Give it credit; the Victim Protection Act of 2014 (VPA) is a revolutionizing statute in the criminal justice system (CJS) of Kenya. It shifts the earlier misconceived or often sources of controversies in courts and settles them squarely in simple and yet awakening terms. One of the most imminent impacts of the VPA has been centered at the trial stage. This stage has seen numerous litigations ranging from the trial courts to the Supreme Court of Kenya.
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Civil Liability For Environmental Damage In Ethiopia. Legal And Institutional Analysis

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Civil Liability For Environmental Damage In Ethiopia. Legal And Institutional Analysis

by Kibru Debebe

42,27€ + 10% CARD

 Master's Thesis from the year 2020 in the subject Law - Public Law / Miscellaneous, grade: 3.5, Ethiopian Civil Service University (Law and Federalism), course: International Environmental Law, language: English, abstract: The main research question of this thesis is: Does the Ethiopian legal system put in place a civil liability regime for damage on environment? What does this civil liability regime look like?Industrial and other activities by private entities have the capacity to damage the environment thereby causing environmental damage invariably. To tackle this problem, governments around the world has developed laws and policies having the aim of reducing the impacts that human activities are causing on the environment and preventing damage. The ne plus ultra of these laws is achieving a clean, healthy and sustained environment. Civil liability is a type of liability regime adopted by countries to make private entities accountable for harm they create on the environment knowingly or negligently. Environmental liability, in one or another way is subjected two the civil liability regime. Numerous countries put environmental liability so that it would be governed by principles and rules of tort liability, which deals with all types of damages indifferently. However, the natures inherent with in environmental liability becomes problematic whenever we try to apply the existing tort rules and procedures. These problems include the difficulty in proving the cause of damage (causal-effect relationship) by already instilled tort rules. Besides, environmental liability demands remedy beyond compensation in order to protect the environment proactively. This thesis therefore addresses these issues giving particular emphasis on the Ethiopian civil liability regimes. In an attempt to elucidate the problems and give possible recommendations, a thorough analysis on liability regimes adopted by Ethiopian laws dealing with environmental issues are assessed. Furthermore, institutions mandated to protect the environment and enforce these liability rules or EPO s are scrutinized based on fulfillment of their mandated roles.
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Law Making Is The Regime Of Legislature. A Critical Overview Of The Partnership Model

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Law Making Is The Regime Of Legislature. A Critical Overview Of The Partnership Model

15,98€ + 10% CARD

 Essay from the year 2021 in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, grade: A, , language: English, abstract: The main topic of this paper is to frame a critique of the so-called partnership model in jurisdiction between the legislature and the judiciary-The hallmark of 19th and 20th century doctrines of interpretation has been that they premise themselves on the principle that a court ought to interpret law as it stands. The function of the court is to interpret the language of a statute, whereas it is for the legislature to make enactments and for the courts to enforce such enactments. Courts are not legislators, they have to carry out loyally the directions of the legislature. Two models of interpretation stands in present world, agency and partnership model. According to the agency model while interpreting a statute, the Court has to discover the intent of the legislature or the purpose behind legislation. The partnership model views the Court as a partner in legislative enterprise with legislature, hence, while interpreting a statute the Court should seek a sensible to avoid rigors of law. Judge does not create normative text but rather gives it meaning. The static vision of statutory interpretation prescribed by traditional doctrine is strikingly outdated. Interpretation of a statute evolves over time because of changing factual contexts and the changing perspectives of its interpreters. Statutory interpretation should appropriately balance a number of factors, including predictability and certainty, economic efficiency, fairness, and the public interest.
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