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INGLÊS

Biology Of Reaction Wood

255,73€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 The Biology of Reaction Wood
INGLÊS

Microbial And Enzymatic Degradation Of Wood And Wood Components

de Karl-Erik L. Eriksson, Paul Ander e Robert A. Blanchette

118,59€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 The oil crisis during the 1970s turned interest towards the utilization of renewable resources and towards lignocellulosics in particular. The 1970s were also the cradle period of biotechnology, and the years when biotechnical utilization of lignocellulosic waste from agriculture and forestry gained priori ty. This was a logical conclusion since one of nature''s most important biologi cal reactions is the conversion of wood and other lignocellulosic materials to carbon dioxide, water and humic substances. However, while biotechnology in other areas like medicine and pharmacology concerned production of expen sive products on a small scale, biotechnical utilization and conversion of ligno cellulosics meant production of inexpensive products on a large scale. Biotechnical utilization of lignocellulosic materials is therefore a very difficult task, and the commercial utilization of this technology has not progressed as rapidly as one would have desired. One reason for this was the lack of basic knowledge of enzyme mechanisms involved in the degradation and conversion of wood, other lignocellulosics and their individual components. There are also risks associated with initiating a technical development before a stable platform of knowledge is available. Several of the projects started with en thusiasm have therefore suffered some loss of interest. Also contributing to this failing interest is the fact that the oil crisis at the time was not a real one. At present, nobody predicts a rapid exhaustion of the oil resources and fuel production from lignocellulosics is no longer a high priority.
INGLÊS

Kiln-Drying Of Lumber

de J.C.F. Walker, R.B. Keey e T.A.G. Langrish

145,09€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 At present, no single book adequately covers a basic understanding of wood book satisfies the need for such a work. It describes drying in practice. This the fundamental basis of kiln-drying technology, to enable forest companies to imFrove their drying operations as high-quality timbers become scarcer and of yesteryear can no longer be tolerated. Adaptive the wasteful practices is no longer good enough. Innovations change based on past experience of the material being dried and the processes require a sound understanding of drying. Newer techniques, such as the use of ultrahigh temperature sea soning and superheated steam under vacuum, require an even greater depth of physical understanding for these methods to be used effectively and economically. book provides a description of modern ideas about wood structure, This moisture movement and stress development, from which models of the drying process are developed to give the kiln operator important information about the course of drying under specified conditions, and thus a means is compared with practice wherever for rational process improvement. Theory possible.
INGLÊS

Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Of Wood

de Takayoshi Higuchi

158,34€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 Progress in wood chemistry has been related mainly to chemical wood pulping and bleaching and chemical utilization of wood and wood extractives. Meth ods of wood analysis were developed by Schorger (proximate analysis in 1917) and Dore (summative analysis in 1919), and standard methods based on Schorger''s method, e.g., TAPPI standards (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry), have been widely used for chemical analysis of woods in many countries. Thus it is generally known that wood is composed of about 50% cellulose, 20-35% of lignin, 15-25% of hemicelluloses, and variable amounts of extractives. Chemical characterization and efficient utilization of these wood components have been studied in laboratories of wood chemistry and technology in universities and government institutions. In the last decade, biochemistry and molecular biology of microorganisms, animals, and plants have greatly progressed. At the same time wood has been recognized as a unique renewable ecomaterial produced by trees using solar energy. In addition, many desirable properties of wood and wood components as biomaterial that affects physiology and psychology in humans have recently attracted attention.
INGLÊS

Wood - The Internal Optimization Of Trees

de Claus Mattheck e Hans Kubler

174,24€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 With more than 100 drawings, both beautiful and amusing, and with a lot of didactic skill the authors show that the interior architecture of trees is adapted to external loading in an optimum way. Wood quality is highest at places of maximum loading.
INGLÊS

Transport Processes In Wood

de J.F. Siau

59,61€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 This book has a similar subject content to the author''s previous Flow in Wood but with substantial updating due to the abundance of research in the wood science field since 1971. Several different concepts have been introduced, particularly in regard to wood-moisture relation ships. The role of water potential in the equilibria between wood and its humid and moist environments is considered. Two theories are introduced to explain the nonisothermal transport of bound water in the steady and unsteady states. As in the former text, the wood-. structure relationship is emphasized . . The author is especially grateful to Dr. C. Skaar for his careful and critical review of much of the manuscript and for the productive dis cussions of many of the concepts. Dr. T. E. Timell, the series editor, rendered major assistance in the preparation of Chap. 2 and in his editing of the manuscript. The author wishes to thank Dr. W. A. Cote, Mr. A. C. Day, and Mr. J. J. McKeon for providing electron micro graphs, Mr. G. A. Snyder for his photography of much of the art work, Dr. C. H. de Zeeuw for his advice in the field of wood anatomy, and Ms. Mary M. Siau for her careful rendition of the art work. Apprecia tion is extended to Miss Judy A. Barton and Mrs. Stephanie V. Micale for their work in typing and checking the manuscript. Mr. J. A.
INGLÊS

Juvenile Wood In Forest Trees

de Bruce J. Zobel e Jerry R. Sprague

118,59€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 The trend in forestry is toward shorter rotations and more complete utiliza tion of trees. The reasons are: (1) financial pressures to obtain rapid returns on the forestry investment made possible by an earlier harvest; (2) enforced harvest of young plantations to maintain a continuing supply of cellulose for mills where wood shortages are experienced; (3) thinning young plantations, both because they were planted too densely initially and because thinning is done where long rotation quality trees are the forestry goal; (4) more intensive utilization is being done using tops and small diameter trees; and (5) there is interest in using young (juvenile) wood for special products because of its unique characteristics and the development of new technologies. The largest present-day source of conifer juvenile wood is from thinnings of plantations where millions of hectares of pine were planted too densely. Because of the better growth rate resulting from improved silviculture and good genetic stock, plantations will need to be thinned heavily. As a result of this trend, young wood makes up an increasingly larger proportion of the total conifer wood supply each year. Large amounts of juvenile wood from hard woods are also currently available, especially in the tropics and subtropics, because of the fast growth rate of the species used, which results in shorter rotations and ess~ntially all juvenile wood.
INGLÊS

Heartwood And Tree Exudates

de William E. Hillis

174,24€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 Why prepare a treatise on Heartwood and Tree Exudates? Why consider both topics together? What approach should be taken in their treatment? The exudates were one of the earliest items of trade between family, tribal, and racial groupings in prehistoric times. They became used extensively as items for the manufacture of implements and as commercial goods for illumination, for cosmetic, religious and magical purposes. Later heartwood from various trees entered intra and international trade for prestigious and religious buildings (when cedars were used), for the furniture (e.g., ebony, mahogany) of the nobility, for boats and vehicles. Consideration of their relevance to anthropology, and to the origin of technological developments in different primitive cultures, would satisfy a personal life-long interest. Attention to such a topic is urgently needed now that the development and destruction of land and forests is increasing and wiping out the traces of earlier people to meet the demands of the rapidly enlarging populations of today. The latter represents an even more urgent need. Increasingly, mankind will depend on renewable,resources produced at low energy cost. Forest products are one of these and the greater demands for them will require their growth and utilization with reduced loss and waste.
INGLÊS

Wood-Water Relations

de Christen Skaar

197,43€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 The first chapter discusses cer- tain empirical relationships between wood and water, methods of measuring wood moisture content, factors which affect its equilib- rium moisture content, and the effect of moisture content on wood strength.
INGLÊS

Spiral Grain And Wave Phenomena In Wood Formation

de John M. Harris

118,59€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 It is widely recognized that spiral grain in trees severely reduces the value of sawn timber through warping and loss of strength, and that it also causes problems for other wood uses as diverse as transmission poles or plywood. Yet, paradoxically, there are highly valued grain patterns including wavy and interlocked grain, whose origins in the cambium invite direct comparison with those of spiral grain, so that many authorities believe them to be related phenomena. In recent years this concept has prompted extensive research into the anatomy, genetics, and physiology of all such grain patterns in wood. As a result it has become apparent that tree cambia provide excellent systems through which to study the origins of stem polarity and the complex processes of morphogenetic control in plants. Beside these and other pressing topics for research, the book examines methods of measuring grain deviations, and considers their influence on wood properties, on the economics of timber production, and on wood manufacturing.
INGLÊS

Methods In Lignin Chemistry

198,09€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 The structural complexity of lignin has continually challenged the in genuity of researchers to develop suitable methods for its charac terization prior to and following a wide variety of chemical, biologi cal, and physical treatments. Initially, activity along these lines was fueled by a desire to interpret technical delignification (Le. , pulping) processes in terms of accompanying structural changes in the lignin. Subsequently, increasingly wide ranging, in-depth investigations on the structure and reactivity of lignin exposed the inadequacy of many of the methods currently in use and underscored the ever-continuing need to develop new methods capable of solving the unique analytical problems associated with lignin. Characteristically, such methods should be selective, sensitive, suitable for quantitative measurements, and capable of being applied directly to, and without destruction of, the lignin or lignocellulose sample. One notable example of the head way being made in reaching this objective is the relatively recent devel opment and refinement of methods based on the use of sophisticated instrumentation, e. g. , lH_ and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Although the utility of many of these and other recently developed methods de scribed in this book has yet to be fully and satisfactorily exploited, we believe that progress already made in this direction will continue and most likely accelerate. The decision to produce this book was prompted mainly by the acknowledged need for an up-to-date, single source compilation of lignin methodology. Hitherto, this need was, in part, satisfied by B. L.
INGLÊS

Wood Variation - Its Causes And Control

de Bruce J. Zobel e Johannes P. Van Buijtenen

118,59€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 Wood is the usual end product of a forestry operation. Because of its importance, numerous studies have been made relative to wood prop erties, the causes of wood variation, and how best to develop wood for desired products. There is voluminous literature related to these subjects, but it is neither well known nor appreciated by foresters because the publications are often not available or are not well understood by the forester or by those who use the wood. Frequently, the literature is confusing and contradictory, making it difficult for the nonspecialist to use what information is available. In order to produce and use wood efficiently, the variation pat terns within trees, among trees within species, and among species must be understood. This also requires some knowledge of the causes of variation and the effects of different wood properties upon utiliza tion. The information about variation patterns, their causes, and con trol and effect upon the product must be known by the tree grower, the tree breeder, and the tree harvester as well as by those who ultimately convert wood into a final, salable product.
INGLÊS

Utilization Of Residual Forest Biomass

de Pentti Hakkila

118,59€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 An increase in the demand for wood results in improved recovery and less residual biomass in the forests. Furthermore, since these countries possess no reserves of fossil fuels, and since their per-capita consump- tion of primary energy is exceptionally high, they also consider unmerchantable forest biomass a realistic source of indigenous energy.
INGLÊS

Natural Products Of Woody Plants - Chemicals Extraneous To The Lignocellulosic Cell Wall

171,59€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 Wood as found in trees and bushes was of primary importance to ancient humans in their struggle to control their environment. Some of the extraneous components of wood are too insoluble to be ex- tracted by inert solvents and remain to give extractive-free wood its color;
INGLÊS

Trees And Wood In Dendrochronology - Morphological, Anatomical, And Tree-Ring Analytical Characteristics Of Trees Frequently Used In Dendrochronology

de Fritz H. Schweingruber

197,43€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 The science of dendrochronology has grown significantly in the past 20 years. In the 1950s and 1960s, interest in the subject was limited to only a handful of scientists who perceived in dendrochronology a "l''art pour l''art". Today, however, specialists from many different fields recognize and are pursuing the problems of dendrochronology. Tree-ring research has acquired a permanent role in the various sciences of archeology, history, geology, ecology, and climatology. The founders of dendrochronology themselves were of varied scientific backgrounds and interests. For example, A. E. Douglass in the United States was an astronomer, B. Huber in Germany a forest-biologist, and F. N. Shvedov in Russia a climatologist. Today the spectrum is even broader. Many den drochronologists are authorities in mathematics, archeology, history, forestry, botany, wood technology, ecology geography, geology, etc. It is, therefore, understandable that it has become almost impossible for one individual to encompass the entire field. Bitvinskas (1974), Fritts (1976), Schweingruber (1983), and Mitsutani (1990) have attempted, each guided by his own interests, to provide at least an overview of the field. Recently, individual aspects have been presented by groups of authors in books edited by Fletscher (1978), Hughes et al. (1982), Jacoby and Hornbeck (1987) and Bradley and Jones (1992). It is very likely that in the future summaries covering each branch of dendrochronology will be published.
INGLÊS

Dielectric Properties Of Wood And Wood-Based Materials

de Grigoriy I. Torgovnikov

118,59€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 Provided here is a comprehensive treatise on all aspects ofdielectric properties of wood and wood products. - Measurement of dielectric parameters ofwood.- Dielectric properties of oven-dry wood. - Effect of different kinds oftreatment on dielectric properties of wood.
INGLÊS

Vascular Cambium - Development And Structure

de Philip R. Larson

184,84€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 The cambium has been variously defined as follows: "The actively dividing layer of cells that lies between, and gives rise to, secondary xylem and phloem (vascular cambium)" (IAWA 1964); "A meristem with products of periclinal divisions commonly contributed in two directions and arranged in radial files. Term pre ferably applied only to the two lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and cork cambium, or phellogen" (Esau 1977); and, "Lateral meristem in vascular plants which produces secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and parenchyma, usually in radial rows; it consists of one layer of initials and their undifferentiated deriva tives" (Little and Jones 1980). Clearly, the cambium is a diverse and extensive meristem, and no one defini tion will encompass all manifestations of what anatomists consider cambium. Its diversity and extent are further exemplified by a single plant, such as a temperate zone tree, in which procambium is initiated in the embryo and perpetuated throughout every lateral, primary meristem before giving rise to cambium in the secondary body. The cambium thereafter performs its meristematic task of producing daughter cells that differentiate to specialized tissue systems. The cam bium, however, does not remain static. Its derivatives vary either in form, or TImc tion, or rate of production at different positions on the tree, with age of the tree, and with season of the year. Moreover, the cambium responds both to internal sig nals and to external stimuli such as environment or wounding.
INGLÊS

Genetics Of Wood Production

de Bruce J. Zobel e Jackson B. Jett

118,59€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 Over the past years, a great deal has been learned about variation in wood prop erties. Genetic control is a major source of variation in most wood properties. Wood is controlled genetically both directly in the developmental or internal pro cesses of wood formation and indirectly by the control of tree form and growth patterns. Emphasis in this book will be on the internal control of wood production by genetics although there will be two chapters dealing with the indirect genetic control of wood, which was covered in detail in the previous book by Zobel and van Buijtenen (1989). The literature on the genetics of wood is very variable, SO''lle quite superficial, on which little reliance can be placed, and some from well-designed and correctly executed research. When suitable, near the end of each chapter, there will be a summary with the authors'' interpretation of the most important information in the chapter. The literature on the genetics of wood can be quite controversial. This is to be expected, since both the environment and its interaction with the genotype of the tree can have a major effect on wood properties, especially when trees of similar genotypes are grown under widely divergent conditions. Adding to the confusion, studies frequently have been designed and analyzed quite differently, resulting in conflicting assessments of results.
INGLÊS

Defense Mechanisms Of Woody Plants Against Fungi

118,59€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 The need for such a book became in- creasingly clear to us from our conversations with each other, as well as from our interactions with students and colleagues who desired a sourcebook containing reviews of morphological, biochemical and physiological aspects of host-parasite interactions in trees.
INGLÊS

Growth Stresses And Strains In Trees

de Robert R. Archer

145,09€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 Although over 40 years have passed since Jacobs (1945) convincingly established the basic radial pattern of residual growth stress in growing trees, yet this phenomenon is still not widely appreciated in wood science and technology circles.
INGLÊS

Analytical Methods In Wood Chemistry, Pulping, And Papermaking

533,31€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 This work provides a concise and critical treatise on the important analytical methods in wood chemistry related to pulping and papermaking. The emphasis is on principles and important applications, needed not only in academic research, but also for industrial applications.
INGLÊS

Comparative Wood Anatomy - Systematic, Ecological, And Evolutionary Aspects Of Dicotyledon Wood

de Sherwin Carlquist

186,16€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 Diagnostically illustrated with light and scanning electron micrographs, this book introduces dicotyledon wood in terms of cell types and their variations, pertinent literature, taxonomic distribution of features, terminology, and methods for preparation. It serves interests ranging from identification and systematics to evolution and physiology.
INGLÊS

Xylem Structure And The Ascent Of Sap

de Martin H. Zimmermann e Melvin T. Tyree

290,84€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 The physiology, anatomy and biophysics of xylem dysfunction are discussed and new insights into hydraulic architecture are reviewed with special emphasis on physiological limits on maximum transpiration and how hydraulic architecture limits gas exchange, carbon gain and growth of plants.
INGLÊS

Association Between Lignin And Carbohydrates In Wood And Other Plant Tissues

de Takashi Watanabe e Tetsuo Koshijima

237,84€ + 10% EM CARTÃO

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 Wood is composed of polysaccharides and lignin which are hydrophilic and hydrophobic respectively. This book describes academic approaches to native bonds between lignin and the carbohydrates in wood, discussing the roles of lignin-carbohydrate complexes for practical use and wood processing.
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