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ENGLISH

Computational Theories Of Interaction And Agency

~~212,00€~~ 169,60€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 This volume brings together work by researchers in artificial intelligence, neural networks, computer science, robotics, and cognitive science, on the themes of interaction and agency. It aims to identify recurring themes and outline a methodology for the concept of "agency".
ENGLISH

Art Of Causal Conjecture

by Glenn Shafer

~~212,00€~~ 169,60€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 In The Art of Causal Conjecture, Glenn Shafer lays out a new mathematical and philosophical foundation for probability and uses it to explain concepts of causality used in statistics, artificial intelligence, and philosophy.
ENGLISH

Machine Translation - A View From The Lexicon

by Bonnie Jean Dorr

~~92,75€~~ 74,20€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 This book describes a novel, cross-linguistic approach to machine translation that solves certain classes of syntactic and lexical divergences by means of a lexical conceptual structure that can be composed and decomposed in language-specific ways.
ENGLISH

Do The Right Thing - Studies In Limited Rationality

by Eric H. Wefald e Stuart Russell

~~66,25€~~ 53,00€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 The authors argue that a new theoretical foundation for artificial intelligence can be constructed in which rationality is a property of "programs" within a finite architecture, and their behavior over time in the task environment, rather than a property of individual decisions.Like Mooki, the hero of Spike Lee's film "Do the Right Thing," artificially intelligent systems have a hard time knowing what to do in all circumstances. Classical theories of perfect rationality prescribe the "right thing" for any occasion, but no finite agent can compute their prescriptions fast enough. In Do the Right Thing, the authors argue that a new theoretical foundation for artificial intelligence can be constructed in which rationality is a property of "programs" within a finite architecture, and their behavior over time in the task environment, rather than a property of individual decisions. Do the Right Thing suggests that the rich structure that seems to be exhibited by humans, and ought to be exhibited by AI systems, is a necessary result of the pressure for optimal behavior operating within a system of strictly limited resources. It provides an outline for the design of new intelligent systems and describes theoretical and practical tools for bringing about intelligent behavior in finite machines. The tools are applied to game planning and realtime problem solving, with surprising results.This book builds on important philosophical and technical work by his coauthor, the late Eric Wefald.
ENGLISH

Experiments In The Machine Interpretation Of Visual Motion

by Bernard Buxton e David W. (University Of Oxford) Murray

~~54,06€~~ 43,25€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 This book describes experimental advances made in the interpretation of visual motion over the last few years that have moved researchers closer to emulating the way in which we recover information about the surrounding world.
ENGLISH

Acquisition Of Syntactic Knowledge

by Robert C. Berwick

~~159,00€~~ 127,20€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 This landmark work in computational linguistics is of great importance both theoretically and practically because it shows that much of English grammar can be learned by a simple program.
ENGLISH

Nonmonotonic Reasoning

by Grigoris Antoniou

~~145,75€~~ 116,60€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 Following a brief introduction to the concepts of predicate logic that are needed in the subsequent chapters, this text presents an in-depth treatment of default logic. Other subjects covered include the major approaches of autoepistemic logic and circumscription and semantics of logic programs.
ENGLISH

Interpretation Of Visual Motion

by Shimon Ullman

~~79,50€~~ 63,60€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 This book uses the methodology of artificial intelligence to investigate the phenomena of visual motion perception: how the visual system constructs descriptions of the environment in terms of objects, their three-dimensional shape, and their motion through space, on the basis of the changing image that reaches the eye. The author has analyzed the computations performed in the course of visual motion analysis. Workable schemes able to perform certain tasks performed by the visual system have been constructed and used as vehicles for investigating the problems faced by the visual system and its methods for solving them. Two major problems are treated: first, the correspondence problem, which concerns the identification of image elements that represent the same object at different times, thereby maintaining the perceptual identity of the object in motion or in change. The second problem is the three-dimensional interpretation of the changing image once a correspondence has been established.The author''s computational approach to visual theory makes the work unique, and it should be of interest to psychologists working in visual perception and readers interested in cognitive studies in general, as well as computer scientists interested in machine vision, theoretical neurophysiologists, and philosophers of science.
ENGLISH

From Images To Surfaces - A Computational Study Of The Human Early Visual System

by W. Eric L. Grimson

~~92,75€~~ 74,20€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 The projection of light rays onto the retina of the eye forms a two-dimensional image, but through combining the stereoscopic aspect of vision with other optical clues by means of some remarkably effective image-processing procedures, the viewer is able to perceive three-dimensional representations of scenes. From Images to Surfaces proposes and examines a specific image-processing procedure to account for this remarkable effect-a computational approach that provides a framework for understanding the transformation of a set of images into a representation of the shapes of surfaces visible in a scene. Although much of the analysis is applicable to any visual information processing system-biological or artificial-Grimson constrains his final choice of computational algorithms to those that are biologically feasible and consistent with what is known about the human visual system. In order to clarify the analysis, the approach distinguishes three independent levels: the computational theory itself, the algorithms employed, and the underlying implementation of the computation, in this case through the human neural mechanisms. This separation into levels facilitates the generation of specific models from general concepts. This research effort had its origin in a theory of human stereo vision recently developed by David Marr and Tomaso Poggio. Grimson presents a computer implementation of this theory that serves to test its adequacy and provide feedback for the identification of unsuspected problems embedded in it. The author then proceeds to apply and extend the theory in his analysis of surface interpolation through the computational methodology. This methodology allows the activity of the human early visual system to be followed through several stages: the Primal Sketch, in which intensity changes at isolated points on a surface are noted; the Raw 2.5-D Sketch, in which surface values at these points are computed; and the Full 2.5-D Sketch, in which these values—ncluding stereo and motion perception—are interpolated over the entire surface. These stages lead to the final 3-D Model, in which the three-dimensional shapes of objects, in object-centered coordinates, are made explicit.
ENGLISH

Netl - A System For Representing And Using Real-World Knowledge

by Scott Fahlman

~~92,75€~~ 74,20€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 The system presented in this book consists of two more-or-less independent parts. The first is the system''s parallel network memory scheme; the second part of the knowledge-base system presented here is NETL, "a vocabulary of conventions and processing algorithms—in some sense, a language—for representing various kinds of knowledge as nodes and links in the network....""Consider for a moment the layers of structure and meaning that are attached to concepts like lawsuit, birthday party, fire, mother, walrus, cabbage, or king.... If I tell you that a house burned down, and that the fire started at a child''s birthday party, you will think immediately of the candles on the cake and perhaps of the many paper decorations. You will not, In all probability, find yourself thinking about playing pin-the- tall-on-the-donkey or about the color of the cake''s icing or about the fact that birthdays come once a year. These concepts are there when you need them, but they do not seem to slow down the search for a link between fires and birthday parties." The human mind can do many remarkable things. One of the most remarkable Is its ability to store an enormous quantity and variety of knowledge and to locate and retrieve whatever part of it is relevant in a particular context quickly and in most cases almost without effort. "If we are ever to create an artificial intelligence with human-like abilities," Fahlman writes, "we will have to endow it with a comparable knowledge-handling facility; current knowledge-base systems fall far short of this goal. This report describes an approach to the problem of representing and using realworld knowledge in a computer." The system developed by Fahlman and presented in this book consists of two more-or-less independent parts. The first is the system''s parallel network memory scheme: "Knowledge Is stored as a pattern of interconnections of very simple parallel processing elements: node units that can store a dozen or so distinct marker-bits, and link units that can propagate those markers from node to node, in parallel through the network. Using these marker-bit movements, the parallel network system can perform searches and many common deductions very quickly." The second (and more traditional) part of the knowledge-base system presented here is NETL, "a vocabulary of conventions and processing algorithms—in some sense, a language—for representing various kinds of knowledge as nodes and links in the network.... NETL incorporates a number of representational techniques—new ideas and new combinations of old ideas-which allow it to represent certain real-world concepts more precisely and more efficiently than earlier systems.... NETL has been designed to operate efficiently on the parallel network machine described above, and to exploit this machine''s special abilities. Most of the ideas in NETL are applicable to knowledge-base systems on serial machines as well."
ENGLISH

In-Depth Understanding - A Computer Model Of Integrated Processing For Narrative Comprehension

by Michael George Dyer

~~145,75€~~ 116,60€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 This book describes a theory of memory representation, organization, and processing for understanding complex narrative texts. The theory is implemented as a computer program called BORIS which reads and answers questions about divorce, legal disputes, personal favors, and the like. The system is unique in attempting to understand stories involving emotions and in being able to deduce adages and morals, in addition to answering fact and event based questions about the narratives it has read. BORIS also manages the interaction of many different knowledge sources such as goals, plans, scripts, physical objects, settings, interpersonal relationships, social roles, emotional reactions, and empathetic responses. The book makes several original technical contributions as well. In particular, it develops a class of knowledge constructs called Thematic Abstraction Units (TAUs) which share similarities with other representational systems such as Schank''s Thematic Organization Packets and Lehnert''s Plot Units. TAUs allow BORIS to represent situations which are more abstract than those captured by scripts, plans, and goals. They contain processing knowledge useful in dealing with the kinds of planning and expectation failures that characters often experience in narratives; and, they often serve as episodic memory structures, organizing events which involve similar kinds of planning failures and divergent domains. An appendix contains a detailed description of a demon-based parser, a kernel of the BORIS system, as well as the actual LISP code of a microversion of this parser and a number of exercises for expanding it into a full-fledged story-understander.In-Depth Understanding is included in The MIT Press Artificial Intelligence Series.
ENGLISH

Computational Models Of Discourse

~~119,25€~~ 95,40€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 As the contributions to this book make clear, a fundamental change is taking place in the study of computational linguistics analogous to that which has taken place in the study of computer vision over the past few years and indicative of trends that are likely to affect future work in artificial intelligence generally. The first wave of efforts on machine translation and the formal mathematical study of parsing yielded little real insight into how natural language could be understood by computers or how computers could lead to an understanding of natural language. The current wave of research seeks both to include a wider and more realistic range of features found in human languages and to limit the dimensions of program goals. Some of the new programs embody for the first time constraints on human parsing which Chomsky has uncovered, for example. The isolation of constraints and the representations for their expression, rather than the design of mechanisms and ideas about process organization, is central to the work reported in this volume. And if present goals are somewhat less ambitious, they are also more realistic and more realizable. ContentsComputational Aspects of Discourse, Robert Berwick * Recognizing Intentions from Natural Language Utterances, James Allen * Cooperative Responses from a Portable Natural Language Data Base Query System, Jerrold Kaplan * Natural Language Generation as a Computational Problem: An Introduction, David McDonald * Focusing in the Comprehension of Definite Anaphor, Candace Sidner * So What Can We Talk About Now? Bonnie Webber * A Preface by David Israel relates these chapters to the general considerations of philosophers and psycholinguists
ENGLISH

Visual Reconstruction

by Andrew Blake e Andrew Zisserman

~~79,50€~~ 63,60€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 Visual Reconstruction presents a unified and highly original approach to the treatment of continuity in vision. It introduces, analyzes, and illustrates two new concepts. The first-the weak continuity constraint-is a concise, computational formalization of piecewise continuity. It is a mechanism for expressing the expectation that visual quantities such as intensity, surface color, and surface depth vary continuously almost everywhere, but with occasional abrupt changes. The second concept-the graduated nonconvexity algorithm-arises naturally from the first. It is an efficient, deterministic (nonrandom) algorithm for fitting piecewise continuous functions to visual data. The book first illustrates the breadth of application of reconstruction processes in vision with results that the authors' theory and program yield for a variety of problems. The mathematics of weak continuity and the graduated nonconvexity (GNC) algorithm are then developed carefully and progressively.ContentsModeling Piecewise Continuity * Applications of Piecewise Continuous Reconstruction * Introducing Weak Continuity Constraints * Properties of the Weak String and Membrane * Properties of Weak Rod and Plate * The Discrete Problem * The Graduated Nonconvexity (GNC) Algorithm * Appendixes: Energy Calculations for the String and Membrane * Noise Performance of the Weak Elastic String * Energy Calculations for the Rod and Plate * Establishing Convexity * Analysis of the GNC Algorithm Visual Reconstruction is included in the Artificial Intelligence series, edited by Michael Brady and Patrick Winston.
ENGLISH

Robot Ping-Pong Player - Experiments In Real-Time Intelligent Control

by Russell L. Andersson

~~92,75€~~ 74,20€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 This tour de force in experimental robotics describes the first robot able to play, and even beat, human ping-pong players.
ENGLISH

Inside Computer Understanding - Five Programs Plus Miniatures

by C. K. Riesbeck e R. C. Schank

~~74,19€~~ 59,35€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 First published in 1981. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
ENGLISH

Inside Computer Understanding - Five Programs Plus Miniatures

by C. K. Riesbeck e R. C. Schank

~~74,19€~~ 59,35€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 First published in 1981. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
ENGLISH

Made-Up Minds - A Constructivist Approach To Artificial Intelligence

by Gary L. Drescher

~~79,50€~~ 63,60€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 Made-Up Minds addresses fundamental questions of learning and concept invention by means of an innovative computer program that is based on the cognitive-developmental theory of psychologist Jean Piaget. Drescher uses Piaget's theory as a source of inspiration for the design of an artificial cognitive system called the schema mechanism, and then uses the system to elaborate and test Piaget's theory. The approach is original enough that readers need not have extensive knowledge of artificial intelligence, and a chapter summarizing Piaget assists readers who lack a background in developmental psychology. The schema mechanism learns from its experiences, expressing discoveries in its existing representational vocabulary, and extending that vocabulary with new concepts. A novel empirical learning technique, marginal attribution, can find results of an action that are obscure because each occurs rarely in general, although reliably under certain conditions. Drescher shows that several early milestones in the Piagetian infant's invention of the concept of persistent object can be replicated by the schema mechanism.
ENGLISH

Integrating Marker Passing And Problem Solving - A Spreading Activation Approach To Improved Choice In Planning

by James A. Hendler

~~49,01€~~ 39,21€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 A recent area of interest in the Artificial Intelligence community has been the application of massively parallel algorithms to enhance the choice mechanism in traditional AI problems. This volume provides a detailed description of how marker-passing -- a parallel, non-deductive, spreading activation algorithm -- is a powerful approach to refining the choice mechanisms in an AI problem-solving system. The author scrutinizes the design of both the algorithm and the system, and then reviews the current literature and research in planning and marker passing. Also included: a comparison of this computer model with some standard cognitive models, and a comparison of this model to the "connectionist" approach.
ENGLISH

Integrating Marker Passing And Problem Solving - A Spreading Activation Approach To Improved Choice In Planning

by James A. Hendler

~~49,01€~~ 39,21€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 A recent area of interest in the Artificial Intelligence community has been the application of massively parallel algorithms to enhance the choice mechanism in traditional AI problems. This volume provides a detailed description of how marker-passing -- a parallel, non-deductive, spreading activation algorithm -- is a powerful approach to refining the choice mechanisms in an AI problem-solving system. The author scrutinizes the design of both the algorithm and the system, and then reviews the current literature and research in planning and marker passing. Also included: a comparison of this computer model with some standard cognitive models, and a comparison of this model to the "connectionist" approach.
ENGLISH

Experience, Memory, And Reasoning

~~74,19€~~ 59,35€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 First published in 1986. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
ENGLISH

Experience, Memory, And Reasoning

~~74,19€~~ 59,35€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 First published in 1986. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
ENGLISH

Inside Case-Based Explanation

~~26,49€~~ 21,19€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 Using a case-based approach, this volume focuses on constructing explanations. All chapters relate to the problem of building computer programs that can develop hypotheses about what might have caused an observed event, an ability that is a hallmark of human intelligence.
ENGLISH

Inside Case-Based Explanation

~~26,49€~~ 21,19€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 Using a case-based approach, this volume focuses on constructing explanations. All chapters relate to the problem of building computer programs that can develop hypotheses about what might have caused an observed event, an ability that is a hallmark of human intelligence.
ENGLISH

Evaluating Explanations - A Content Theory

by David B. Leake

~~70,21€~~ 56,17€ 20% OFF + 5% CARD

 Psychology and philosophy have long studied the nature and role of explanation. More recently, artificial intelligence research has developed promising theories of how explanation facilitates learning and generalization. By using explanations to guide learning, explanation-based methods allow reliable learning of new concepts in complex situations, often from observing a single example. The author of this volume, however, argues that explanation-based learning research has neglected key issues in explanation construction and evaluation. By examining the issues in the context of a story understanding system that explains novel events in news stories, the author shows that the standard assumptions do not apply to complex real-world domains. An alternative theory is presented, one that demonstrates that context -- involving both explainer beliefs and goals -- is crucial in deciding an explanation''s goodness and that a theory of the possible contexts can be used to determine which explanations are appropriate. This important view is demonstrated with examples of the performance of ACCEPTER, a computer system for story understanding, anomaly detection, and explanation evaluation.
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